A shortage of red blood cells or hemoglobin, causing fatigue, shortness of breath and paleness. Causes include iron deficiency, chronic disease, inherited disorders or bone marrow problems. Diagnosed through blood tests; treatment targets the underlying cause.

Deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, paleness and sometimes neurological problems. Causes include poor absorption, nutritional deficits or medication. Diagnosed with blood tests; treated with supplements (tablets or injections).

An inherited condition where too much iron is absorbed, accumulating in organs like the liver, heart and pancreas. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain and skin changes. Diagnosed with blood and genetic testing. Treated mainly by phlebotomy (blood removal).

The immune system destroys red blood cells, leading to anemia, fatigue, jaundice and sometimes an enlarged spleen. Diagnosed with specific blood tests. Treated with corticosteroids, immunotherapy or transfusions.

A rare bone marrow disorder causing fragile red blood cells that break down, leading to anemia, dark urine and increased risk of thrombosis. Diagnosed by flow cytometry. Treatment may include complement inhibitors or stem cell transplantation.

An autoimmune condition where platelets are destroyed, causing bruising, nosebleeds and sometimes severe bleeding. Diagnosed by exclusion. Treatments include corticosteroids, immunotherapy or splenectomy.

Inherited conditions such as thalassemia, sickle cell disease, G6PD deficiency and spherocytosis. These affect hemoglobin structure or production, leading to anemia, fatigue and organ damage. Diagnosed by blood and genetic testing. Treatment ranges from transfusions to stem cell transplantation.

Primary: inherited defects in the immune system. Secondary: caused by diseases, medication or infections such as HIV. Lead to recurrent infections. Diagnosed with immunological testing. Treatments include antibiotics, immunoglobulin infusions or stem cell transplantation.

A malignant disease of the lymph nodes, often presenting with enlarged nodes, night sweats, fever and weight loss. Prognosis is usually good with modern therapy; cure is possible in the majority.

A diverse group of malignant disorders of the lymphatic system, ranging from indolent to aggressive. Symptoms include swollen nodes, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Diagnosis requires biopsy and imaging. Treatment may include chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy; sometimes watchful waiting.

Usually found by chance. Harmless in most cases, but requires monitoring due to risk of progression to multiple myeloma.

Cancer of plasma cells that can cause bone damage, anemia and kidney problems. Amyloidosis is due to abnormal protein deposits in organs, sometimes together with myeloma. Treatments include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and stem cell transplantation.

Disorders of the bone marrow causing low blood counts. Symptoms include anemia, infections and bleeding. Diagnosis requires bone marrow examination. Treatment ranges from supportive care to stem cell transplantation.

Aggressive blood cancers where immature cells rapidly accumulate. Cause anemia, infections and bleeding. Diagnosed by blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment is intensive, with chemotherapy, targeted therapy and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

A myeloproliferative disorder where too many red cells are produced, increasing clot risk. Symptoms include headache, itching after showering and facial redness. Often linked to JAK2 mutation. Treated with phlebotomy, blood thinners and sometimes cytoreductive therapy.

Overproduction of platelets, leading to clotting or bleeding problems. Diagnosed by blood and bone marrow tests. Treatment ranges from aspirin to cytoreductive drugs.

Bone marrow disease with scarring, causing anemia, fatigue and enlarged spleen. May arise on its own or after PV/ET. Treated with supportive care, JAK inhibitors or stem cell transplantation.

Caused by the BCR-ABL gene fusion (Philadelphia chromosome). The marrow produces too many white blood cells. Without treatment it progresses to an aggressive phase. Targeted therapy (TKIs) has greatly improved prognosis; long-term remission is possible.

The most common adult leukemia, often slow-growing. Sometimes found by chance. Symptoms include fatigue, infections and enlarged nodes. Many patients do not need immediate treatment. Modern targeted drugs have greatly improved outcomes.

Abnormal clotting or bleeding can be life-threatening. Risk factors include inherited traits, surgery and medication. Treatments include blood thinners or clotting factor replacement.